Module 4: Adverbs

References: English for Maritime Students; Keys for Writers; www.ccc.commnet.edu

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I.             OBJECTIVES

This module aims to make the learner:
a.    identify an adverb from the other parts of a sentence
b.    know the different uses of adverb
c.    make sentences with adverbs on their own


II.            DISCUSSION PROPER

1. What is an adverb?

Adverbs are words that modify:
a.         a verb (The boat sailed slowly. — How did it sail?)
b.         an adjective (He is the owner of a very large ship. — How large was his ship?)
c.         another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the corridor. — How slowly did she move?)

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

·         That lovely woman owns that newly launched sailboat.

2. What are the common kinds of adverbs?

1. Adverbs of Manner
      She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

2. Adverbs of Place
      She has lived on the island all her life.
      She still lives there now.

3. Adverbs of Frequency
      She takes the boat to the mainland everyday.
      She often goes by herself.

4. Adverbs of Time
      She tries to get back before dark.
      It's starting to get dark now.
      She finished her tea first.
      She left early.

5. Adverbs of Purpose
      She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
      She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

3. Other types of adverbs:

1. adverb clause: if a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence)

                    Example:

When this voyage is over, we're going home to our families.

2. adverbial phrase: When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb):

Examples:

He went to the movies.

She works on holidays.

They lived in Canada during the war.

But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases:

          He calls his mother as often as possible.

3. infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

                        She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.

         The senator ran to catch the boat.

D.   Rules in using adverbs:

1. Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus we would say that "The students showed a really wonderful attitude," and that "The students showed a wonderfully casual attitude," and that "My professor is really tall, but not "He ran real fast."

2. Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show       degree.

Walk faster if you want to keep up with me.

The student who reads fastest will finish first.

3. We often use more and most, less and least to show degree with adverbs:

With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients.

          The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever seen.

          She worked less confidently after her accident.

          That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.

4. The as — as construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or equality:

He can't run as fast as his sister.

5. A handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two forms have different meanings:

          He arrived late.

          Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.

6. In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual situations:

          She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers.

          He did wrong by her.

         He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.

7. Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some examples:

         Emphasizers:

    I really don't believe him.

    He literally wrecked his mother's car.

    She simply ignored me.

    They're going to be late, for sure.

         Amplifiers:

    The teacher completely rejected her proposal.

    I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings.

    They heartily endorsed the new restaurant.

    I so wanted to go with them.

    We know this city well.

         Downtoners:

    I kind of like this college.

    Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister.

    His mother mildly disapproved his actions.

    We can improve on this to some extent.

    The boss almost quit after that.

    The school was all but ruined by the storm.

8. Adverbs (as well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by       premodifiers:

         She runs very fast.

         We're going to run out of material all the faster

5. Positions of Adverbs

One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.

         Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.

         The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.

         The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.

The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:

          Before the main verb:

I never get up before nine o'clock.

Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb:

I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason.

·         

Before the verb used to: 

I always used to see him at his summer home.

Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb:

         He finally showed up for batting practice.

         She has recently retired.

Sequencing adverbs

When we want to show that processes or events happen one after the other, we use sequencing adverbs or sequence words.

Sequencing adverbs/sequence words are usually put at the beginning of the process or event they reproduce. Some common sequence words are: first, then, next, after that, afterwards, later, eventually, finally.

Example:

First, the captain inspected the cabins, then he entered the galley; after that he proceeded to the engine room; and finally he went to the radio room.

The events may be stated in a series of sentences, or they may be linked by semicolon (;) or the connective and. Except for first and finally the words may be used in any order.

6. Order of Adverbs

There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one.

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
Verb	Manner	Place	Frequency	Time	Purpose
Beth swims	enthusiastically	in the pool	every morning	before dawn	to keep in shape.
Dad walks	impatiently	into town	every afternoon	before supper	to get a newspaper.
Alma   naps		in her room	every morning	before lunch.
	In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.

III.          EXERCISE

1. Briefly describe the stages in the following processes using sequencing adverbs such as first, then, next, after that, afterwards, later, eventually, finally:

1. circulation of oil in a typical marine diesel
2. preparing the turbo generator for operation

IV.          VOCABULARY

1. Sludge – the sediment left in fuel oil tanks         
2. Vent – a valve in a tank or compartment used primarily to permit air to escape      
3. Tube boiler – boiler in which the water flows through the tube and is heated by the gases of combustion   
4. Gauge glass – device for indicating the liquid level in a tank    
5. Feed water – fresh water with the highest possible level of purity, made in evaporator for use in boilers
6. Evaporator – a strong metal tank or vessel composed of tubes, headers in which water is heated by the gases of combustion to form steam
7. Back pressure – the pressure exerted on the exhaust side of a pump or engine         
8. Broiler – a distilling device to produce fresh water from sea water
9. Painter – length of rope permanently secured at bow of a boat for towing or making fast             
10. Lashing – a fastening made by a piece of cordage, chain or wire in securing a movable object or uniting two or more parts of objects together     

Module 3: Preposition

References:     English for Maritime Students; eslus.com;      www.interlinepublishing.com; www.englishpage.com; www.writingcenter.uottawa.ca

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PREPOSITION

     This module intends to make the learners be aware of the different uses of the preposition.

       The word Preposition means ‘that which is placed before’. 

       A preposition is a word which shows relationships among other words in the sentence.  The relationships include direction, place, time, cause, manner and amount. A preposition relates its object to some other words in a sentence.  

     A preposition always goes with a noun or pronoun which is called the object of the preposition.  The preposition is almost always before the noun or pronoun and that is why it is called a preposition. The only exception occurs in a sentence or clause introduced by an interrogative pronoun or relative pronoun. 

     The preposition and the object of the preposition together are called a prepositional phrase.  The following chart shows the prepositions, objects of the preposition, and prepositional phrases of the sentences above. 

Preposition	Object of the Preposition	Prepositional Phrase
to	the store	to the store
by	bus	by bus
at	three o'clock	at three o'clock
under	the table	under the table

     Prepositional phrases are like idioms and are best learned through listening to and reading as much as possible.   Below are some common prepositions of time and place and examples of their use.

Prepositions of Time	Prepositions of Place
at two o'clock	at my house
on Wednesday	in New York, in my hand
in an hour	on the table
	near the library
	across the street
	under the bed
	between the books

Kinds of Prepositions

There are three kinds of prepositions:

1.     Simple preposition

2.     Compound preposition

3.     Phrase preposition

1. Simple preposition

     A simple preposition is a word that shows the relationship between two things without the help of another word.

     Examples:

1.     The purse is in the box.

2.     The current passes throughout the wire.

2. Compound preposition

     A compound preposition is formed by prefixing a preposition to a noun, an adjective or an adverb.

     Examples:

1.     The dog ran along the road.

2.     Stand behind me.

3. Phrase preposition

     These are groups of words that have the force of a single preposition.

     Examples:

1.     It was done according to your instructions.

2.     The spot is away from public road or dwelling.

3.     Owing to illness he was absent.

Prepositions have several meanings and applications.

1.     used to describe position
a.      at/away from – used with reference to a point

     Examples:

     The helmsman stood at the vessel.

     The cook stayed away from the fire when not necessary.


    b.  on/off – used with reference to a hold or surface.

     Examples:

     The captain placed the papers on the table.

     The ship was off course.

    c.   into/in/out of – used with reference to an area or volume

     Examples:

     The cargo was lowered into the hold.

     The cargo was stowed in the boiler.

     The carpenter got the tools out of the tool box.

2.     used to describe destination
a.    to/from – used with reference to a point

     Examples:

     The crew sailed the ship to the Caribbean.

     The MV Martin sailed from Siberia.

     b.    towards/away from – express motion with reference to a directional path

     Examples:

     The injured passenger was moved towards the wharf.

     The flotsams drifted away from the boat.

     c.   up/down – express motion with reference to a vertical axis

     Examples:

     The flag was hoisted up the pole.

     The seaman came down the mast.

     d.   across/along – express motion with  reference to a horizontal axis or plane

     Examples:

     They sailed across the ocean.

     The ferry passed along the bay.

3.     used to describe passage
a.   over/under

     Examples:

     The sailors ran over the bridge.

     The boat slowed down under the bridge.

     b.   behind/in front of

     Examples:

     The fireman passed behind the gate.

     The fireman passed in front of the gate.

     c.   around/through

     Examples:

     The crew jogged around the mess hall.

     The crew jogged through the mess hall.

     d.   by/past

     Examples:

     The fishermen rowed past the buoy.

     The fishermen rowed by the buoy.

Note A:
     1.       Sometimes, the object to a preposition is an adverb of time or place.

     Examples:

a.      I will be done by then. (that time)

b.     Come away from there. (that place)


2.           Sometimes the object to a preposition is an adverbial phrase.

     Examples:

a.      Each article was sold at over a rupee.

b.     He did not see her till a few days ago.


3.          A clause can also be the object to a preposition.

     Examples:

a.      Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.

b.     There is no meaning in what you say.


4.          The object to a preposition when it is a relative pronoun is sometimes omitted.

     Examples:

a.      He is the man I was looking for. (the object whom is understood)

b.     These are the good rules to live by. (the object which is understood)

Note B:

1.     Barring, concerning, considering, during, notwithstanding, pending, regarding, respecting, touching etc are present participles of verbs and are used without any noun or pronoun being attached to them. They are also considered prepositions and are sometimes distinguished as participial prepositions.


2.     Some words can be used either as adverbs or as prepositions.

     Examples:

a.      I could not come before.

b.     I came the day before yesterday.

II.                  EXERCISES


A.                Complete each sentence with a preposition. Select your answers from the above list.

1.     The cargo must be securely stowed __________ the holds.

2.     The handling of cargo __________ and __________ the ship’s holds requires great skill.

3.     The poster is __________ the cabin wall.

4.     He stood __________ the wheel.

5.     The engineer stood __________ the flames.

6.     The ship moored __________ the harbor.

7.     The keel was just __________ the seabed.

8.     The chart lay __________ the table.

9.     The barge sailed __________ the bridge.

10. The cargo was lifted __________ the hold.

B.                  Word Stress Drill:


     a.          primary stress on initial syllable of two-syllabic words

                fáthom                  rúdder                 máster               tánker 

                sígnal                    cómpass               éngine               plátform

                hélmsman              stárboard             cábin                 cárgo


b.    primary stress on initial syllable of three-syllabic words

         cómpetence               énvelope               dígital

                   máritime                   ófficer                   émbassy

                   cárrier                      máintenance           bánkruptcy

                   quántity                    náutical                  álmanac




III.                VOCABULARY

     Fill in the blanks with the correct words or group of words that fit the following descriptions/definitions. Choose your answers from the list below.

__________ 1. depth from waterline to vessel’s bottom, maximum/deepest unless         otherwise specified.

__________ 2. place where a specific vessel is anchored or is to anchor

__________ 3. vessel moving, under control, with anchor moving along the sea bottom

__________ 4. an anchor moving over the sea bottom involuntarily because it is no longer preventing the movement of the vessel

__________ 5. height of the highest point of the vessel’s structure above waterline, e.g., radar, funnel, cranes, masthead

__________ 6. mandatory speed in a fairway

__________ 7. navigable part of waterway

__________ 8. a mark or place at which a vessel is required to report to establish its position

__________ 9. a mark or place which a vessel comes under obligatory entry, transit or escort

__________ 10. Formation of ice on vessels

icing                                     way point                           fairway

receiving point                      fairway speed                     draught

dragging (of anchor)               anchor position                   air draught

dredging anchor                     offshore installation             traffic lane